and emotions). According to Scripture, however, we do not find in man lower and higher powers; the human being as a totality has been created by God, and no aspect of his or her being is “lower” or “less noble” than other aspects. A further implication of the view that virtue consists in the suppression of bodily appetites is that the body (where the “lower powers” are found) is the chief source of sin. A number of implications follow this. One can see, for example, how the monasticism common in